Creation, sharing, and exhanges of ideas and information are provided by this new media, hence, users become interactive and are given equal participation. The study also acknowledged the role of social media in civic engagement and political mobilization. As people are given their freedom to access information and express their opinions and concerns, they become an active part of society in dealing with public affairs, which was perceived to be limited in traditional forms of media.
Decentralization of information is vital in order to boost democratic participation and societal development.
Bitner as cited by Usman, further affirmed the pervasive power of media in general, since audience have trust and confidence in it. The shift in the communication lanscape also paved way to challenges on privacy and credibility of information. The study regarded this new platforms brought by communication technologies as more complex and participatory, hence, authenticity of content is a major concern.
Concludingly, Usman raised accessibility to internet in remote areas as a concern to significantly regard social media as a tool in disseminating information. Moreover, reorientation on the usage of the medium as well as efficient regulation on the content are deemed crucial in order to effectively utilize social media and maximize its provisions.
The assumptions drawn from the study of Usman are congruent with the study conducted by Baruah through which the effectiveness of social media as a communication tool was given focus. Join over Download or read online Information Dissemination Functions in Communication Networks written by Anindo Bagchi, published by Unknown which was released on Cities have long been recognized as key sites for fostering new communication practices. However, as contemporary cities experience major changes, how do diverse inhabitants encounter each other?
How do cities remember? What is the role of the built environment in fostering sites for public communication in a digital era? The book covers African communication systems, discussing modes and forms of communication across West, East and Southern Africa and comparing them with traditional and new media.
African Communication Systems and the Digital Age contextualizes communication by bringing to the table African contributions to the field, examining the importance of African. Download or read online Informing the nation federal information dissemination in an electronic age written by Anonim, published by DIANE Publishing which was released on Get Informing the nation federal information dissemination in an electronic age Books now! Download or read online Scientific Information Notes written by Anonim, published by Unknown which was released on Get Scientific Information Notes Books now!
Download or read online Research in Education written by Anonim, published by Unknown which was released on The home page interface interface Figure 5. School news display interface Interactive website on Information dissemination Peter O. School staff display interface Figure 7. Contact us display page interface Figure 8 shows the school facilities interface.
This page tells us about the school facilities, those amenities that the school has supplied to enhance the good education to be impacted by their students. This page shows us those amenities that the school has, to enhance good educational knowledge to be impacted by their students. Those facilities include: conducive environment, fully air-conditioned classrooms, fully and neatly tiled, noise-free environment, maximum security for the students and so on. Some competent doctors and nurses work beyond school hours.
Figure 9 shows the database page interface. This consist of the table used in the database system, it shows how the database work. The database consists some vital information that are categorized in the database of the system developed. School facilities page interface Figure 9. Database displayed page 4. The website provided a general information on news, sports, career talk, departmental reports, registration of students, results, frequently asked questions FAQ , feedback reports, to mention but few.
The computers acquired or used in the school were stand alone-off-line system despite the status of the system being Internet ready and with all Internet facilities e. Hence the researchers made the school realised importance and why she should be on Internet, and also the importance of having a website for the school.
The study was also based on interactive website design for secondary schools in order to disseminate information to the public. Whenever there is full connectivity and site hosted on the Internet, the website becomes more accessible to people both inside and outside the school community.
The explosive growth of the Internet service provider delivery vehicle for education the interest is utilized as a comprehensive based of understanding, which adds to the scholastic structure. Scholars and educators profits from the application of the Internet together with administration and others, separate of official teaching and learning.
People are not only learning from interest, but they are also contributing and sharing knowledge through networked communities. This research has really helped, to foster school news, and communication mechanism for the efficient delivery online 'community' to foster relationship on and off the College.
Planning, writing, testing, and maintenance are the four horsemen of any web page. Revision of the site is required subsequently and new information updated frequently. It is hoped that when there is full connectivity of the whole secondary schools to the Internet and the site published, the purpose of the design will be accomplished and it will serve as a piece of information back up for both the schools and user from a longer distance.
If the site is to be changed in future, initial plan of the design should be considered and changes made slowly because one runs the risk of breaking links and losing track of the design if too many changes are made at once. A clock applet also included which reflects the time the site is visited. Hinojosa, S.
Accessed 17 March Adebiyi, et al. Accessed: 17 March Accesses: 17 March Khan, R. According to Ivkov- ic and Jegadeesh , stock analysts are responsible for the manipulation of corporate information in order to disseminate it both to investor and institutions. Stock analysts pay attention to CSR informa- tion for their recommendations to investors Luo et al. Furthermore, firms with higher levels of CSR attract the interest of analysts achieving lower absolute forecast errors and dispersion Dhaliwal et al.
H2: Lower stock rating by analysts increases the dissemination level of environmental information. Prior researches are limited regarding the effect of corporate value on environmental disclosure. Drobetz et al. Chen et al. In this study, the following hypothesis is established. Environmental performance The voluntary disclosure theory predicts that higher environmental performance has a positive effect on the environmental disclosure so as to differentiate themselves by the inferior type companies Verrecchia ; Li et al.
Regarding empirical studies, on the one hand, Luo and Tang found a positive relationship between environmental disclosure and performance consistent to signaling theory consistent with Clarkson et al.
Good environmental performers are more honest in disclosing that performance and the environmental disclosure can be used as proactive communication tool to inform investors Al-Tuwaijri et al. On the other hand, Patten revealed a significant negative relation between per- formance and disclosure consistent with Ingram and Frazier Furthermore, firms from non-environmentally sensitive industries tend to incorporate more information for higher levels of toxic release levels than firms do from environmentally sensitive indus- tries.
Finally, Hughes et al. However, Meng et al. Based on Graafland et al. In this index, the firms show the commitment to the environment without feeling the pressure for their outcome. Another index as a proxy for the environmental performance is in terms of outcome, namely GHGE.
In this study, the following hypotheses are established: H4a: Higher levels of environmental performance affect positively the environmental disclosure level as implied by voluntary disclosure theory.
H4b: Lower levels of environmental performance affect positively the environmental disclosure level as implied by legitimacy theory. Data and methodology 2. Data The data employed in this study involve firms listed on Dow Jones Country Titans In- dexes located in different countries and geographical regions under different institutional regimes and socio — economic conditions for the period — Each Country Ti- tans Index includes selective firms from the respective country index with the objective to optimize the factors of greatest importance in an investable index: liquidity, turnover rate, transaction costs and tracking error against broad-market benchmarks.
The Dow Jones Country Titans Indexes was selected for the purpose of this study since large-sized firms are expected to develop CSR disclosures initiatives Reverte Dependent and independent variables As dependent variables, two environmental indexes are employed as proxies for the dissemination level of environmental information.
To be more specific, Bloomberg has created a CSR disclosure score based on three dis- tinguished disclosure pillars called Environmental Social Governance Disclosure Score. In particular, the EDS is based on environmental disclosure items adjusted by industry and weighted by importance. A short description of the disclosure data items are presented by Qiu et al.
Transparency limita- tions within methodological steps are taken into consideration in order the calculation of the disclosure score to be explained as they are easily imitated by other assessment organizations losing its competitiveness edge Delmas, Blass However, a number of studies can be mentioned that employed Bloomberg ESG data e.
Wang, Sarkis ; Eccles et al. The role of carbon disclosure score and its determinants has not been a subject of ex- tended survey; however, in the course of the last five years, the CDLI score has become subject of the research i. This proxy captures the dissemination level of carbon disclosure score. The CDLI is composed of each firm based on the total attainable score divided by the total available score and then normalized to a point scale.
Most of the answers to CDLI question- naire are binary where 1 or 0 depends on whether the item was disclosed or not, while other answers are qualitative or narrative answers. Some of the issues that CDLI covers are: the extent to which a company measures its carbon emissions, the comprehensive- ness of the information that provides on climate-related actions, the depth of information given on the issues climate change presents to the business and whether a company uses a third party for external verification of its data in order to promote greater confidence and usage of the data CDP a.
Clarkson et al. Description of variables Variables Description Country Risk Expected market return value is based on the total accumulated investment risk for Premium the country or region selected in Country Risk. The risk premium is only computed for countries or regions which have a known risk free rate. Best Analyst Bloomberg Estimates current analyst rating. Initiatives Sales Total of operating revenues. Model development Different regression analysis models have been developed in the field of CSR and en- vironmental disclosure and its explanatory variables, such as multiple linear regression i.
In our case, a fixed effect model was employed in this study because of the advantages over traditional regression approaches. For instance, it removes the effects of time- invariant causes, independently on whether those causes are measured or not; thus, it can alleviate omitted-variable bias in a less-than-fully-specified model Firebaugh et al. Determinants of dissemination of environmental information: an empirical survey A Shapiro-Wilk test was conducted for detecting the normality of observations.
Results 3. Descriptive statistics and correlation matrix Our sample is consisted of 92 firms corresponding to Table 2 pres- ents the descriptive statistics of both dependent and independent variables. For instance, even if firms are obliged to provide environmental information, the mean score of CDLI can be considered very high reaching It is ascertained that the senior management recognize the business issues regarding the CDLI criteria.
Finally, no multicollinearity is con- firmed and thus there is no limitation to the implementation of the methodology to our data because the correlations between independent variables do not exceed the value 0. Table 2. Fixed effects results The implementation of Shapiro-Wilk test revealed that the data are not normally dis- tributed, thus, variables are transformed by using the logarithm procedure Field The Huber—White robust clustered standard errors approach was employed in order to adjust any potential heteroskedasticity and serial correlation Wooldridge ; Stock, Watson ; Neter et al.
Table 3 reveals the result of the regression analysis used to test H1—H4. Regarding the first Model, the R squared equals to 0. In Model 2, the explanatory power of predetermined variables is greater than in Model 1 with adjusted R-square 0. The rest of the recommended variables are not statistically significant to EDS. In the last Model, the R square is 0. Discussion of results As far as the country risk premium concerns, the results indicate that firms located in countries with high risk premium increase the information level of environmental disclosure rejecting H1.
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